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The HTML and CSS code required to implement a responsive design is often complex, with potentially many hundreds of lines of CSS interacting with a significant number of different HTML elements. They then employ Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), which specify rules that visually style and lay out those elements.
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The page can extend vertically off the bottom of the viewport by as much as required, meaning that users will still need to scroll up and down to access content that cannot be displayed on a screen all at once, but prevents them having to awkwardly pan and zoom pages originally intended for desktop browsers when rendered on considerably smaller devices, such as mobile phones.ĭevelopers build web pages using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) elements, which structure text, images, forms and other content. the viewable portion of a page in a device's browser), such that web elements dynamically resize and rearrange to ‘fit’ to the device's viewport width. With RWD, a page's design ‘responds to’ the device's viewport (i.e. To tackle the problem of device proliferation, responsive web design (RWD) is a widely used design approach that allows developers to build websites with the aim of providing an optimal user experience regardless of individual device constraints, including screen size. However, the explosion and continuing proliferation of mobile devices has since drastically exacerbated this problem, as developers sought to support the myriad of different screen sizes associated with each unique device.Īs mobile devices continue to integrate further into the daily lives of many people (notably, more than half of Google searches originate from mobile devices, while mobile devices now account for nearly 70% of cumulative digital media consumption ), it is critical for developers to ensure that their websites display correctly and offer a good interaction experience on the significant variety of devices currently in use. Along with identifying the best parameters for the method that extracts the responsive layout, the experiments show that the approach surpasses the baselines across changes that vary in their impact, but works particularly well for subtle, hard-to-detect mutants, showing the benefits of automatically identifying regressions in web page layout.īefore the advent of smart mobile devices being used to access the web, the main problem facing front-end web developers was the time-consuming task of ensuring that their web pages displayed correctly on different browsers
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When compared with manual and automated baseline testing techniques, it detected 12.5% and 18.75% more injected changes, respectively. Leveraging code mutations that a tool automatically injected into the pages as a systematic simulation of developer changes, the experiments show that the approach was highly effective.
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We implemented the approach and empirically evaluated it on 15 real-world responsive web pages. To address the challenge of detecting regressions in responsive web pages, this paper presents an automated approach that extracts the responsive layout of two versions of a page and compares them, alerting developers to the differences in layout that they may wish to investigate further. As such, many unintended regressions in web page layout often go undetected and ultimately manifest in production websites. Current approaches to testing are often insufficient because they rely on limited tools and error-prone manual inspections of web pages. For instance, the source code change that a developer makes to improve the layout at one screen size may obscure a page's content at other sizes. However, when making code modifications to a responsive page, developers can easily introduce regressions from the correct layout that have detrimental effects at unpredictable screen sizes. With responsive web design, front-end web developers design web pages so that they dynamically resize and rearrange content to best fit the dimensions of a device's screen. Providing a good user experience on the ever-increasing number and variety of devices being used to browse the web is a difficult, yet critical, task.